Every city is the result of thousands of decisions: where homes go, where roads run, which neighborhoods get parks, water lines and bus routes, and which ones wait. Someone has to think through those decisions, weigh competing needs and propose a plan. So, what does an urban planner do?
That someone is often an urban planner. In short, urban planners develop plans and programs for how land and public facilities are used in cities and regions, balancing housing, transportation, environment and community needs. In this article, you will learn what urban planners do day to day, the skills and education the career requires, the different specialties within planning and how students can see planning decisions play out in real neighborhoods.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, urban and regional planners "develop comprehensive plans and programs for use of land and physical facilities" in cities and regions. Their duties include assessing site plans submitted by developers and recommending whether they should be approved.
A planner's week might include:
Urban planners rarely work alone. They coordinate with architects, who design buildings; civil engineers, who design infrastructure; and communities, who live with the results. Strong planning depends on listening to residents as much as on data.
Planning covers many areas. Some planners specialize, while others work across several:
| Specialty | Focus |
|---|---|
| Land use and zoning | How land is divided and what can be built where |
| Transportation | Roads, transit, walking and how people move |
| Housing | Affordability, density and neighborhood growth |
| Environmental planning | Natural resources, climate and risk |
| Community development | Improving conditions in specific neighborhoods |
Some of the most complex planning challenges happen in neighborhoods that grew without a formal plan. Around Lima, close to a million people live in human settlements on rocky hillsides, where homes often came first and infrastructure has to be added later. Our article on human settlements in Latin America explains how these neighborhoods form, and shantytowns in transition explores how they can become more sustainable over time.
The BLS notes that urban and regional planners typically need a master's degree in urban and regional planning or a related field, and that admission usually requires a bachelor's degree. Undergraduate majors vary widely: geography, architecture, engineering, economics, environmental studies and political science are all common starting points. The BLS also notes that employers may prefer or require certification.
Planning is ultimately about people. Our article on what makes a community safe looks at the factors that shape everyday safety and wellbeing.
Reading about urban planning is useful, but walking a neighborhood with the people who live there teaches something different: how a single staircase can change walking routes, or how land recognition affects access to water and electricity.
On the development service learning trip with Safe Homes Movement, powered by MEDLIFE, high school and college students join community infrastructure projects in Lima, Cusco and Tena during summer, winter and spring sessions. The week includes a Reality Tour of the communities and several build days. Every project follows a 50/50 model: residents identify the need and work on site, and local architects and engineers lead the design and supervise construction. For students considering a planning career, it's a chance to observe how infrastructure, housing and access come together on the ground.
Understanding what an urban planner does becomes clearer when you see how planning decisions shape daily life in a real neighborhood.
Fill out the form to get dates, eligibility details and next steps for the Development Service Learning Trip.
Urban planners develop plans for how land and public facilities are used in cities and regions. They research data, review proposed projects, meet with communities and officials, and write long-term plans.
According to the BLS, urban and regional planners typically need a master's degree in urban and regional planning or a related field. Bachelor's degrees in many fields can lead into a planning program.
Mostly in offices, but planners also visit sites and attend community meetings. The balance depends on the role and the employer.